Find in the text words synonymous with the following:
out of date; to emerge; one; unevenly; diverse; to store; general; to develop; to permit; design.
As Old as History
Shoes are as old as history itself. Shoemaking is the process of making footwear. For most of history, shoe- making has been a handicraft. Originally, shoes were made one at a time by hand. Most villages had their own maker. The craftsman took orders from individual customers to meet their requirements. This would encourage different styles and shapes to appear.
The most basic foot protection, used since ancient times in the Mediterranean area, was the sandal. San- dals were found mainly in warmer regions where the soles of the feet needed some protection but the top of the feet needed to stay cool enough to keep the person comfortable. In colder regions, moccasins were to be found for they offered greater protection. Both sandals and moccasins were made of various types of bark, leaves and rawhide.
The production of wooden shoes was widespread in Medieval Europe. They were made from a single piece of wood roughly cut into shoe form. A variant of this form were clogs: wooden soles to which a leather upper was attached.
By the 1600s, leather shoes came in two main types. ‘Turn shoes’ consisted of one thin flexible sole, which was sewed to the upper and turned over when completed. This type was used for making slippers and similar shoes.Shoemaking became more commercialized in the mid-18th century. They began to stock footwear in ware- houses, made by many small manufacturers from the area. By the end of the 19th century, the process had been almost completely mechanized, with production occurring in large factories. The first steps towards mechaniza- tion were taken during the Napoleonic Wars by the engineer Marc Brunel.
Through history, shoe making shows distinct trends in three areas: function, protection and fashion. In Medieval times, the long toes on men’s shoes were a sign of status. Women, however, wore ankle shoes with side laces. In the Middle Ages, men’s and women’s shoes changed into round and square toe shapes and wider soles. Higher hills on women’s shoes appeared in the late 1500s.
For centuries, shoemaking has had a universal influence. Shoes have also evolved to serve virtually every purpose. Nowadays, we can find a wide range of shoes, beginning with the most sophisticated, embellished with diamonds, and ending with the athletic ones and those for children that light up and make noise.
Throughout history, shoes have become much more than a covering for our feet. Rather, shoes speak of status, gender, ethnicity, religion, and profession. You can tell a lot about a person from their shoes.
Modern technology allows for new innovations in footwear by using computerized design-measuring, cut- ting and constructing patterns. Nevertheless, traditional shoe makers still exist and create custom-made shoes for those who want, who need and who choose to wear such footwear items.
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1) out of date - old
2) to emerge - to appear
3) one - single
4) unevenly - roughly
5) diverse - different, various
6) to store - to stock
7) general - universal
8) to develop - to evolve
9) to permit - to allow
10) design - style
2) to emerge - to appear
3) one - single
4) unevenly - roughly
5) diverse - different, various
6) to store - to stock
7) general - universal
8) to develop - to evolve
9) to permit - to allow
10) design - style
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