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Octopuses were depicted on Cretan and Minoan coins (1650 to 1500 BC and 1450 to 1375 BC) and were painted onto jars in the Mycenaen era (circa 1200 to 1100 BC). Cephalopods have been around for 500 million years, although octopus ancestors were in the Carboniferous seas around 300 million years ago. The oldest octopus fossil,Pohlsepia, can be found at the Field Museum in Chicago.[6]
Etymology and pluralizationThe scientific Latin term octopus was derived from Ancient Greek ὀκτώπους (oktōpous), which literally translates to "eight-foot" (ὀκτώ "eight" + πούς "foot").[7][8][9] Related to the word "octopus" are the term "Octopoda" (the taxonomic order of cephalopod molluscs that comprises the octopuses) and the adjective "octopoid".[10]
The standard pluralized form of "octopus" in the English language is "octopuses" /ˈɒktəpʊsɪz/,[11] although the Ancient Greek plural "octopodes" /ɒkˈtɒpədiːz/, has also been used historically.[10] The alternative plural "octopi" — which misguidedly assumes it is a Latin "-us"-word — is considered grammatically incorrect.[12][13][14][15] It is nevertheless used enough to make it notable, and was formally acknowledged by the descriptivist Merriam-Webster 11th Collegiate Dictionary and Webster's New World College Dictionary. TheOxford English Dictionary (2008 Draft Revision)[16] lists "octopuses", "octopi", and "octopodes", in that order, labelling "octopodes" as rare and noting that "octopi" derives from the misapprehension that octōpus comes from Latin.[17] In contrast, New Oxford American Dictionary (3rd Edition 2010) lists "octopuses" as the only acceptable pluralization, with a usage note indicating "octopodes" as being still occasionally used but "octopi" as being incorrect.[18]
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