Question

vorog sa ma atati la tema la civica 
 
   eseu  despre anglia

Answer 1

  I       INTRODUCTION   
England (Latin Anglia), political division of the island of Great Britain, the principal division of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. England occupies all of the island east of Wales and south of Scotland, other divisions of the island of Great Britain. Established as an independent monarchy many centuries ago, England in time achieved political control over the rest of the island, all the British Isles, and vast sections of the world, becoming the nucleus of one of the greatest empires in history. The capital, largest city, and chief port of England is London, with a population in 1996 of 7 million. It is also the capital of the United Kingdom and the site of the headquarters of the Commonwealth of Nations.
England is somewhat triangular in shape, with its apex at the mouth of the Tweed River. The eastern leg, bounded by the North Sea, extends generally southeast to the North Foreland, the northern extremity of the region called the Downs. The western leg of the triangle extends generally southwest from the mouth of the Tweed along the boundary with Scotland, the Irish Sea, St. George’s Channel, and the Atlantic Ocean to Land’s End, the westernmost extremity of England and of the island. The northern frontier extends from Solway Firth on the west along the Cheviot Hills to the mouth of the Tweed on the east. The base of the triangle fronts the English Channel and the Strait of Dover. The total area of England is 130,410 sq km (50,350 sq mi), 57 percent of the area of the island. This total, approximately the size of the state of North Carolina, includes the region of the Isles of Scilly, southwest of Land’s End in the Atlantic Ocean; the Isle of Wight, located off the southern coast; and the Isle of Man, located in the Irish Sea.          II    THE LAND  
One of the principal physiographic features of England, as well as of the entire island of Great Britain, is the deeply indented coast. Most of the indentations are excellent natural harbors, easily accessible to deepwater shipping, a factor that has been decisive in the economic development and imperial expansion of England. By virtue of the high tides that prevail along the eastern coast, a number of rivers and their estuaries provide this region with safe anchorages. The most important of these belong to such ports as Newcastle upon Tyne, on the Tyne River; Middlesbrough, on the Tees River; Hull, on the Humber River; Great Yarmouth, on the estuary of the Yare River; and London, on the Thames River. The most important harbors on the southern coast include those of Dover, Hastings, Eastbourne, Brighton, Portsmouth, Bournemouth, and Plymouth. The western coast, considerably more broken than either the eastern or southern coast, also has numerous anchorages. Of outstanding commercial importance are the harbor of Bristol, at the confluence of Bristol Channel and the Severn River; and Liverpool Harbor, at the mouth of the Mersey River.
The terrain of England is diversified. The northern and western portions are generally mountainous. The principal highland region, the Pennine Chain (or Pennines), forms the backbone of northern England. It is composed of several ranges extending south from the Cheviot Hills to the valley of the Trent River and numerous spurs and extensions that radiate in all directions. The extreme elevation of the Pennine Chain and the highest summit in England is Scafell Pike (978 m/3,209 ft above sea level). A large portion of the area occupied by the Pennine Chain comprises the Lake District, one of the most picturesque regions in England. The terrain east of Wales and between the southern extremities of the Pennine Chain and Bristol Channel is an extension of the rolling plain that occupies most of central and eastern England. Much of the western part of this central region is known as the Midlands; it contains an area that is known as the Black Country because of its intensive industrial development. To the east lies The Fens, a vast drained marsh area. To the south of Bristol Channel an elevated plateau slopes upward, culminating in the barren uplands and moors of Cornwall and Devon. Dartmoor (about 600 m/about 2000 ft above sea level), one of the wildest tracts in England, is situated in this region. Successive ranges of chalk hills, seen from the English Channel as white cliffs, project eastward from Devon to the Strait of Dover.

Answer 2

La indemnul si exemplul unui nobil de tara, Oliver Cromwell, Parlamentul a hotarat o reorganizare a fortelor sale armate. In locul unei armate improvizate, constituita pe baza voluntariatului s-a format o armata unitara oraganizata pe baze moderne, cu buget propriu, disciplina puritana, cea a "noului model".Alte referate despre: razboiul civil din anglia, cauzele razboiului civil din anglia, razboiul civil din anglia 1642-1660Dupa pierderea coloniilor americane, negarea valorii economice a coloniilor deveni in Anglia o atitudine destul de obisnuita. Pe de alta parte, Wes ley trezise in sufletele religioase scrupule fata de rasele indigene, mai ales cand ele se converteau la crestinism. Indiferenta si scrupulele explica surprinAZzatoarea generozitate cu care Anglia a retrocedat de doua ori. In 1802 si 1815, Frantei si Olandei coloniile pe care suprematia pe mare ii ingaduise sa le cucereasca. Frantei i a inapoiat Antilele franAZceze, insula Bourbon, dreptul de pescuit la Terra Nova si diferite alte posesiuni. Olandei ii restitui lava, Curacao si Surinam. Totusi, in anumite puncte un instinct obscur i a oprit pe negociatori, indem nandu i sa pastreze macar osatura imperiului. India si Canada au ramas cele doua elemente de baza. Capul Bunei Sperante, cucerit de la olandezi in 1796, fusese pastrat ca o statie utila pe drumul spre India. Gibraltarul, Malta si Insulele Ionice dominau Mediterana.